Resumen Todas las estrategias corteses que refuerzan la imagen o el territorio de los dos polos del proceso comunicativo, emisor y receptor, o que mitigan la vulneración de ambos, se ponen en la retórica publicitaria editorial al servicio de la venta de los productos editoriales y librescos. La cortesía es recurrida, por tanto, en este ámbito comercial como modo de acercamiento al posible comprador mediante los refuerzos valorizantes de la imagen y del territorio, propios o ajenos, y atenuadores, en el (...) caso de los actos descorteses. En este estudio nos acercamos a ocho maneras en las que la retórica editorial recurre a la cortesía para conseguir incrementar sus ventas mediante los usos lingüísticos intensificadores o mitigadores con los que las editoriales construyen y proyectan su mejor identidad. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo develar la implicación de los nexos entre la cultura y los procesos de comprensión y desarrollo psíquico para la concepción e instrumentación de una enseñanza desarrolladora atendiendo a que el desarrollo psíquico del sujeto es una condición esencial para lograr su papel activo y creador en el desarrollo social. Por ello su tránsito a niveles cualitativamente superiores, constituye una prioridad para los sistemas educativos. La teoría histórico - cultural del desarrollo psíquico le da especial (...) importancia al papel de la cultura y su asimilación en la formación y desarrollo de la personalidad. Además, disciplinas como la semiótica reconocen el papel del texto y los procesos textuales en la conservación, transmisión y re-creación de la cultura. El estudio realizado se basa en la sistematización de postulados básicos de la teoría histórico - cultural del desarrollo psíquico y la semiótica de la cultura. This article aims at revealing the implications of the links between culture and the processes of understanding and psychic development towards the conception and implementation of developmental teaching taking into account that an individual's psychic development is an essential condition to fulfil its active and creative role in social development. That is why its movement to qualitatively superior levels is a priority for educational systems. The historical-cultural theory gives special importance to the role of culture and its assimilation in the formation and development of the personality. Furthermore, disciplines such as semiotics recognize the role of texts and textual processes in the conservation, transmission and recreation of culture. This study is based on the systematization of basic postulates of the historical-cultural theory of psychic development and Culture Semiotics. (shrink)

Judith Butler es una filósofa que se apoya en elementos deconstructivistas y se encuadra en el clima de la diferencia para escapar a la dinámica de las políticas y economías de signo neoliberal y esencialista. La concepción butleriana de la subjetividad, de fuerte impronta contextualista, es una asunción de la democracia en términos radicales y plurales y, por ello, su filosofía política y ética propone un feminismo de tintes postmodernos cuyo enclave es una figura de la subjetividad aperturista. La (...) política de los nuevos movimientos sociales, más allá de los límites institucionales, así como el énfasis en las diferencias y en su reconocimiento, sirven para asumir al antagonismo como una posición deseable democráticamente. (shrink)

A principios de los años ochenta, Michel Foucault impartió unas lecciones sobre la «παρρησία» en el Collège de France. Las lecciones de Foucault se convirtieron en una importante nueva interpretación de la noción de parresía. Básicamente, Foucault distingue entre una _parresía_ política de naturaleza democrática y una _parresía_ filosófica cuyo origen podría ser trazado hasta Platón. En este artículo concentro mi análisis en la _parresía _política, e intento demostrar que la definición de Foucault de este concepto no se corresponde con (...) el pensamiento democrático de la antigua Atenas. Según Foucault, la parresía es «une parole d’au-dessus», una palabra de arriba. Sin embargo, una interpretación alternativa de las fuentes antiguas puede demostrar que en realidad la _parresía _es una palabra de _abajo_. Al contrario de lo que sostiene Foucault, las obras de Eurípides, Demóstenes, Isócrates y otros autores contribuyen a encontrar una raíz popular en la _parresía_, que debería ser definida como la dignidad de la palabra del pueblo. (shrink)

La crisis sanitaria del SARS2-COVID ha traído a nuestra atención el conflicto permanente entre lo público y lo privado; entre los métodos de gestión abordados desde la perspectiva tecnológica sin concesiones a los derechos y libertades fundamentales, y las posiciones éticas que aún pretenden sostener su validez. Desde la aplicación de la tecnología en las mayores barbaries conocidas por la Humanidad hasta el día de hoy, el ser humano se debate entre mayor seguridad o más libertad. El problema es que (...) el individuo, o las organizaciones y empresas que crea, han visto incrementada su capacidad de obrar gracias a la tecnología informática, y esta nueva situación ha dado lugar a la ruptura del pacto social originado por la Revolución Francesa, donde el monopolio del poder se atribuía al Estado a cambio de que éste se sometiera a la voluntad del pueblo expresada por medio de la ley. Hoy día, el individuo se ha vuelto más poderoso y el Estado se resiste a perder su papel. Entre esos dos polos navega la vida de miles de millones de personas, cuyas vidas se han vuelto transparentes a los ojos vigilantes de los Estados y de las grandes corporaciones empresariales. (shrink)

Reseña del libro "Ética cosmopolita: Una apuesta por la cordura en tiempos de pandemia". En el presente libro, Adela Cortina, en contexto de pandemia, nos entrega posibles soluciones para las crisis vividas en diferentes ámbitos durante la pandemia. Hoy, en un mundo "postpandemia" ¿Mejoramos en algo? ¿Qué nos queda por mejorar? El libro de Adela, nos puede guiar para responder estas preguntas.

Este artículo aborda las reinterpretaciones del pasado colonial iniciadas a finales de los años sesenta en México y que se expresan con la oposición entre la memoria indígena y la Historia etnocida. Desde una perspectiva de estudios críticos sobre la memoria se muestra que esta resignificación del pasado tuvo como fundamento el concepto de etnocidio con el que una generación de antropólogos críticos calificó al colonialismo de un crimen de destrucción cultural, que en el país habría sido perpetuado por las (...) ideologías de la homogeneidad nacional. Asimismo, se esclarecen los presupuestos desde los que partieron, como las equivalencias entre el Holocausto y el colonialismo. Por último, se examina el surgimiento de la idea de memoria indígena, que postula problemáticamente la pervivencia del pasado prehispánico como forma de resistencia ante el colonialismo. (shrink)

A paradigm shift in public health and medicine has broadened the field from a singular focus on the ill effects of negative states and psychopathology to an expanded view that examines protective psychological assets that may promote improved physical health and longevity. We summarize recent evidence of the link between psychological well-being and physical health, with particular attention to outcomes of mortality and chronic disease incidence and progression. Within this evolving discipline there remain controversies and lessons to be learned. We (...) discuss measurement-related challenges, concerns about the quality of the evidence, and other shortcomings in the field, along with a brief discussion of hypothesized biobehavioral mechanisms involved. Finally, we suggest next steps to move the field forward. (shrink)

Karl Barth representa la renovación de la tradición de la teología evangélica atendiendo a sus raíces luteranas y calvinistas y en contra de lo que él entiende como la degradación de esa tradición en la llamada Teología Liberal que prevalecía a finales del siglo XIX. Su Carta a los Romanos supuso un punto de inflexión al cambiar la atención de una teología cultural a otra existencial bajo la influencia de Kierkegaard. La crítica de la doctrina católica de la analogía como (...) base para una teología racional o natural representa también una reivindicación del sobrenaturalismo religioso como punto de partida para la comprensión de la existencia humana, que resulta ininteligible sin los conceptos de pecado, conversión y salvación. Por otra parte, la misma esencia de Dios no se puede alcanzar sino a través del choque que representa su irrupción en la historia como revelación y perdón. (shrink)

Social entrepreneurship (SE) enables business consolidation, combined with the production of positive impact and improvements in society. Aligned with 2030 Agenda for the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, it is important to clarify the role of social entrepreneurs, as they are making visible the impact of their creative ideas in several areas, from civic engagement to the environment, health and learning. The main purpose of this study is to specify a model of social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) and (...) explore it by country, based on the dimensions of the Theory of Planned Behavior and how these are mediated by spirituality and optimism. With a convenience sample of 1476 Portuguese and Spanish students, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used. For a deeply understanding, variables within the model were compared by country usingt-rest, and multivariate analysis was done by each one separately. The mean comparison between countries, demonstrated that there are differences only between perceived behavioral control (PBC), Spirituality, Optimism and SEI, with Portuguese students scoring the highest values, in all variables except Optimism. A mediation path was carried out, and Spirituality mediate a significant effect between the three TPB dimensions in Portuguese students, but not in students from Spain. Finally, after discussing the results, theoretical and practical contributions are analyzed, with regard to the field of SE in Portugal and Spain, and alternatives are pointed out for a more social and sustainable entrepreneurial future. (shrink)

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo revelar el contexto de surgimiento y los componen- tes teóricos - metodológicos de un programa de formación doctoral sobre patrimo- nio cultural con enfoque interdisciplinar, elaborado en el marco de un Programade Cooperación Internacional. En lo metodológico, se propició el desarrollo de una metodología cualitativa sin desestimar lo cuantitativo. Los impactos del programa revelan un nivel superior de calidad de los procesos formativos en la Universidad de Oriente, el perfeccionamiento de competencias académicas y científicas al (...) servicio de la sociedad, así como su contribución a las dimensiones curriculares y extracurri- culares del pregrado. (shrink)

The Minimum Description Length principle is the modernformalisation of Occam's razor. It has been extensively and successfullyused in machine learning, especially for noisy and long sources ofdata. However, the MDL principle presents some paradoxes andinconveniences. After discussing all these, we address two of the mostrelevant: lack of explanation and lack of creativity. We present newalternatives to address these problems. The first one, intensionalcomplexity, avoids extensional parts in a description, so distributingcompression ratio in a more even way than the MDL principle. (...) The secondone, information gain, forces that the hypothesis is informative wrt. the evidence, so giving a formaldefinition of what is to discover. (shrink)

La nacionalidad es un vínculo que une al Estado soberano con el individuo, pero va más allá de una simple relación jurídico-política entre ambos, puesto que, como poderosa herramienta de exclusión, afecta al sentimiento de pertenencia del ser humano a un grupo o comunidad. Son los propios Estados quienes controlan este poder, pues solo ellos deciden quiénes son sus nacionales a través de su legislación interna. Sin embargo, el Derecho internacional ha ido estableciendo ciertos límites hasta el punto de consagrar (...) el derecho humano a una nacionalidad. Su importancia es manifiesta, puesto que, a pesar de que los derechos humanos son inherentes a todas las personas, en la práctica, solo las personas nacionales pueden gozar de todos los derechos, incluidos los políticos, con respecto al Estado del que son nacionales. Las personas apátridas estarán siempre excluidas. (shrink)

This paper explores the relationship between the problem of evil and a kenotic view of the Atonement evidenced not just by feminist theologians, but by analytic philosophers of religion. I will argue that, although kenosis provides an interesting story about the ability of Christ to partake in human suffering, it faces debilitating problems for understanding divine concurrence with evil in the world. Most significantly, I will argue that the potential tensions between divine justice and divine love can be loosened by (...) looking at ‘redemptive accounts’ of theodicy in the scholarship of women writing in the early modern period in philosophy, particularly Mary Hays , and Catharine Macaulay . Their work collectively confirms the problem of concrete evil and yet offers a unique theodicy grounded in the saving power of the Atonement and restorative power of Christian service. Their arguments are all the more compelling for having been written in response to egregious civil rights abuses and rampant domestic violence of their day. If the Atonement is the divinely-ordained method for gaining insight into the redemptive power of divine grace, then rather than speculating about the metaphysical nature of the divine, this paper will question how we can understand divine perfection in light of evil in the world, especially if the Atonement of Christ involves kenosis. (shrink)

In memoriam José Arrazola Ramírez The logic $\textbf{G}^{\prime}_3$ was introduced by Osorio et al. in 2008; it is a three-valued logic, closely related to the paraconsistent logic $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$ introduced by Osorio et al. in 2014. The logic $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$ is defined in terms of a multi-valued semantics and has the property that each theorem in $\textbf{G}^{\prime}_3$ is a theorem in $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$. Kripke-type semantics has been given to $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$ in two different ways by Borja et al. in 2016. In this work, we (...) continue the study of $\textbf{CG}^{\prime}_3$, obtaining a Hilbert-type axiomatic system and proving a soundness and completeness theorem for this logic. (shrink)

Cacao cultivation is one of the most important livelihoods for rural households in Colombia, where it is promoted as a substitute for the illegal cultivation of coca. To strengthen Colombian cacao farming, it is important to understand the livelihood strategies associated with cacao cultivation and the impact of these different strategies on the well-being of Colombian rural households. We analyzed the impact of cacao cultivation on the livelihood strategies and well-being of rural households in western Colombia. Research with 92 rural (...) cacao-growing households produced a typology of household livelihood strategies derived from their approach to cacao production. Indicators of each household capital and level of well-being were identified for each type of households. Correlations between the capitals and the capitals of greater importance in shaping the well-being of rural households were analyzed. Three types of rural households were identified: Cacao Farmers, Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. Cacao farmers have the highest capitals endowments and level of well-being, followed by Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. The conditions of cacao cultivation in rural households result in differentiated access to resources from capitals; households with better development of the crop have consolidated greater well-being where human capital has been its major driving factor. Success of the cacao crop and its relationship with well-being of rural households depends on the convergence of different capital resources. Thus, institutional efforts to strengthen the cacao sector in Colombia must go beyond investment to establish new hectares and consider aspects such as: Strengthening the skills and knowledge of producers to improve crop management practices, Promoting the participation of household members in associations, Stimulating sensitivity to the rooting and sustainable management of the crop, and Promoting processes of technification and adaptation of the infrastructure of fermenters and dryers, which will make it possible to guarantee an adequate quality of the cacao bean. (shrink)

Critical questions have been understood in the framework of argument schemes from their conception. This understanding has influenced the process of evaluating arguments and the development of classifications. This paper argues that relating these two notions is detrimental to research on argument schemes and critical questions, and that it is possible to have critical questions without relying on argument schemes. Two objections are raised against the classical understanding of critical questions based on theoretical and analytical grounds. The theoretical objection presents (...) the assumptions that are embedded in the idea of argument schemes delivering questions to evaluate arguments. The analytical objection, on the other hand, exposes the shortcomings of the theory when critical questions are used to evaluate real-life argumentation. After presenting these criticisms, a new theory of critical questions is sketched. This theory takes into account the dynamics of dialectical discussions to describe the function of critical questions and their implications for evaluating arguments. (shrink)

This chapter contends that Phillis Wheatley, African-American slave-turned-poet, can and should be read as a philosopher of religion. Her work, collectively, takes up the problem of evil and demonstrates a commitment to moral improvement in the face of suffering, and knowledge of divine benevolence and care for all people. As early modern philosophy, her work presents courageous arguments about the equality of those on the margins of moral considerability, as well as criticisms of the system of oppression that led to (...) her being enslaved. Although humanities scholars generally debate whether Wheatley does enough to speak out against slavery, for philosophers, Wheatley’s poetry should motivate new work on narrative theodicy. (shrink)

This paper aims to analyze and to compare the conception of science that Richard Rorty and Jean-François Lyotard contend in some of their main writings. First, I will point out some similarities and agreements in their philosophical perspectives, particularly, I will emphasize their epistemological coincidences. Then, I will highlight some important differences in his philosophical interpretation of scientific development and its social role. As a result, it will be possible to clarify and accurately qualify these two postmodern conceptions of science (...) that in several writings appear as indistinguishable or that, at least, are characterized with the same features. I will argue that these differences provide two essentially different viewpoints of science and culture. Finally, I will try to show that the Rortian perspective is more suitable facing contemporaneous problems in science, and to give a proper account of its historical development. (shrink)

Background: In an unprecedented situation of interruption of the sporting dynamics, the world of sport is going through a series of adaptations necessary to continue functioning despite coronavirus disease 2019. More than ever, athletes are facing a different challenge, a source of discomfort and uncertainty, and one that absolutely alters not only sports calendars, but also trajectories, progressions, and approaches to sports life. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the levels of psychological vulnerability that may have been generated in the (...) athletes, because of the coexistence with dysfunctional responses during the COVID-19 experience, and which directly influence the decrease of their mental health.Methods: With a descriptive and transversal design, the study aims to identify the state of the dysfunctional psychological response of a sample of Spanish athletes. The DASS-21, Toronto-20, and Distress Tolerance Scale questionnaires were administered to a sample of high-level Spanish athletes in Olympic programs.Results: The results suggest that the analyzed athletes indicate high levels of dysfunctional response when their tolerance is low. In addition, the variables show less relational strength, when the capacity of tolerance to distress is worse and age is lower. At the same time, the greater the anxiety and uncertainty are, leading to more catastrophic and negative thoughts, the younger the athletes are.Conclusions: It is clear that both age and tolerance to distress are considered adequate protective factors for psychological vulnerability in general and for associated dysfunctional responses in particular. Moreover, the psychological resources offered by more experienced athletes are also a guarantee of protection against negativity and catastrophism. (shrink)

Cet article tente d’analyser les rapports de d’Henri Matisse à la danse. Si celle-ci fut l’objet de nombreuses de ses œuvres, elle se présente aussi comme une méthode qui participe de son processus de création.

This report analyses the aplicability of the principles of consciousness developed in the ASys project to three of the most relevant cognitive architectures. This is done in relation to their aplicability to build integrated control systems and studying their support for general mechanisms of real-time consciousness. To analyse these architectures the ASys Framework is employed. This is a conceptual framework based on an extension for cognitive autonomous systems of the General Systems Theory (GST). A general qualitative evaluation criteria for cognitive (...) architectures is established based upon: a) requirements for a cognitive architecture, b) the theoretical framework based on the GST and c) core design principles for integrated cognitive conscious control systems. (shrink)